Diktrie Martini Geologist : Brings You Freedom

Adakah yang ingin menggantikan meski hanya sejenak

untuk merasakan apa yang ada di otak ini.

Suatu problematika yang tak tak ada ujungnya

peperangan antara pikiran, batin, logika, perasaan dan kenyataan

tak ada kata sepakat

tak ada kata damai

Terduduk, terdiam, terpaku, entah apalah itu

semua bergelut dalam otak hanya untuk mendapatkan ruang kosong

untuk dapat beristirahat berfikir sejenak

adakah ?

adakah ?

:(

dicopy dr : http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=463624533477&comments

Hidup itu penuh pilihan, penuh resiko, apa yang telah aku lakukan dan apa yang akan kulakukan, semua berawal dari pilihan hidup.
yang harus dipertanggungjawabkan dan itu bukan pilihan tapi resiko. dan itu butuh pengorbanan.

Lakukan semua itu tanpa keluhan, tanpa penyesalan dan tanpa rasa bersalah,,
karna itu semua kelak akan berguna dikemudian hari.

Semangat untuk DIK TRi Martini !!!!

Tugas MK Eksplorasi Batubara


Tlong kritik n Sarannya ya....
JIka ada kesalahan perhitungan n lainnya,,tlong di Comment ya....
Trims...

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

I see my vision burn, I feel my memories fade with time
But I'm too young to worry
These streets we travel on will undergo our same lost past

I found you here, now please just stay for a while
I can move on with you around
I hand you my mortal life, but will it be forever?
I'd do anything for a smile, holding you 'til our time is done
We both know the day will come, but I don't want to leave you

I see my vision burn, I feel my memories fade with time
But I'm too young to worry (a melody, a memory, or just one picture)

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

Newborn life replacing all of us, changing this fable we live in
No longer needed here so where do we go?
Will you take a journey tonight, follow me past the walls of death?
But girl, what if there is no eternal life?

I see my vision burn, I feel my memories fade with time
But I'm too young to worry (a melody, a memory, or just one picture)

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

Trials in life, questions of us existing here, don't wanna die alone without you here
Please tell me what we have is real

So, what if I never hold you, yeah, or kiss your lips again?
Woooaaah, so I never want to leave you and the memories for us to see
I beg don't leave me

Seize the day or die regretting the time you lost
It's empty and cold without you here, too many people to ache over

Trials in life, questions of us existing here, don't wanna die alone without you here
Please tell me what we have is real

(Silence you lost me, no chance for one more day)
I stand here alone
Falling away from you, no chance to get back home

Berikut ini yaitu proses-proses yang mengkonsentrasikan logam dengan endapan mineral

1. Proses ortomagmatik
Proses ini yaitu meliputi pembentuk batuan beku dan bijih.

A number of mineral deposits have formed by magmatic, segregation processes; they are often called orthomagmatic deposits. These Deposits are important sources of
chromium, titanium, vanadium, the platinum group metals, copper,
nickel (and diamonds). Much titanium, diamond and significant amounts of the platinum group metals are mined from sedimentary placer deposits, formed by the weathering of these primary deposits. (Wilson (ed.), 1969)

2. Proses pasca magmatik

Metasomatism:
Fuids rich in dissolved ions may migrate into adjacent rocks, causing reactions that change the rock's bulk composition. Common examples of this are seen in metamorphic rocks that are cris-crossed by veins of quartz. This quartz originated as silica dissolved in pore fluid precipitated inside fractures. The silica originated in the surrounding rock but migrated out with pore fluid during metamorphism.
Note:
Metasomitism is an important process by which deposits of metals and metal ores are formed.

a. Pirometasomatik
b. Pegmatitik
c. Hidrotermal hipogen (epitermal, mesotermal, hipotermal)

3. Proses pelapukan
Terdiri dari proses oksidasi,pelarutan / leaching, pengayaan supergen / supergen enrichment, endapan supergen hidrotermal.

This allowed surface ground water to attack the granite in these areas. More recently in the ice age, mechanical erosion has removed the material, leaving the core stones or tors surrounded by clitter.

Colors caused by supergene enrichment in the oxidized zone of the deposit.

Supergene Enrichment
*veins undergo a secondary enrichment - become more concentrated in ores.

4. Proses sedimentasi
Yaitu proses pengendapan sedimen mekanis / klastik, pengendapan sedimen kimiawi, pengendapan sedimen koloid, proses diagenesa.

In coastal waterways, sedimentation rates refer to the amount of material (organic and mineral) deposited by the action of water over a given interval of time. Sedimentation is measured in terms of vertical accumulation over time or sediment density per unit area over time.

5. Proses metamorfisme regional, termal, dan dinamik
Metamorphic rocks are the result of the application of heat, pressure and directed stress, or some combination of these effects applied to pre-existing rock of any type. The process by which metamorphic rocks are produced is called metamorphism. There are three types of metamorphism, which are characterized by the nature of the conditions that cause them. They are; Regional, Contact, and Dynamic metamorphism

Contact metamorphism

Contact metamorphism is confined to rocks (often referred to as country rocks) immediately surrounding an igneous intrusion. The alteration of the surrounding country rocks is caused by heat and fluids emanating from the intruding igneous body. The zone of alteration (metamorphic aureole) can vary from only a few centimetres to several kilometres in width.
The size of the alteration zone depends on the size and temperature of the intrusion. Contact metamorphism is greater round very large, hot intrusions.

6. Kombinasi dari proses-proses diatas

Definisi Petroleum system
Mangoon and Dow (1994)
Natural system that encompasses pod of active source rock and all related oil and gas and which includes all the geologic element and processes that are essential if a hydrocarbon accumulation is to exist.














Magoon 1987
The Petroleum system emphasizes the genetic relation between a particular source rock and resulting petroleum accumulation……..


Secara garis besar Petroleum system dapat dibagi menjadi 2 sub systems yaitu :
1. Generative sub system
2. Migration and entrapment sub system

Migration and entrapment sub system
Element : Generated hydrocarbon
Processes :
Expulsion (Primary migration)
Source rock : Carrier bed
Expulsion model, expulsion and generation, expulsion Effeciency
Secondary migration
Within carrier bed to traps
Migration model, driving force, ristricting force, PC

Entrapment sub system
Element :
Migrated hydrocarbon
Trap geometry
Reservoir rocks
Seal rock
Processes :
Migration
Trapping




Referensi :
Bahan Kuliah Geologi Migas '07

CBM is a potentially important energy resource in many of the major coal mining countries of the world. Significant volumes of CBM are exploited worldwide with most of the gas originating from operational deep coal mines, and lesser quantities recovered from abandoned mine workings. CBM is a clean fuel with similar properties to natural gas.





Methane degasification methods –
With the increasing coal production and depth of coal mines, traditional ventilation methods are not always the most economical methods of handling methane in the coal seam. Degasification systems have been developed that recover the gas before, during, or after mining. The degasification methods, coupled with mine ventilation, may be the most economical method of keeping methane concentrations low in many mines.
Degasification methods that have been used in the U.S. include vertical wells, gob wells, horizontal boreholes, and cross-measure boreholes.

(1) Vertical wells method - The term “vertical well” is generally applied to a well drilled through a coal seam or seams and cased to pre-drain the methane prior to mining. The wells are normally placed in operation 2 to 7 years ahead of mining and the coal seam is hydraulically fractured to remove much of the methane from the seam. The water in the coal seams must be removed to provide better flow of gas. This water is separated and must then be treated and/or disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. To enhance the flow of gas from a vertical well, either hydraulic fracturing or open-hole cavity completions are generally used.

Vertical wells recover high-quality gas from the coal seam and the surrounding strata. The gas quality is ensured in most cases because the methane will not be diluted by ventilation from the mine. The total amount of methane recovered depends on site-specific conditions such as the gas content of the coal seams and surrounding strata, permeability of the geologic materials, the drainage time, the amount of negative head applied, and other variables of the geologic and extractive systems. Vertical wells can recover 50% to 90% of the gas content of the coal and are normally placed in operation two to seven years before mining commences.
Vertical wells offer an advantage over other methods because they can be applied to multiple coal seams simultaneously. These wells produce greater gas yields that can make them commercially economic as well as further reduce the potential for gas influx into the operating mine.

(2) Gob Wells - The designation “gob well” refers to the type of coalbed methane (CBM) recovery well that extracts methane from the gob areas of a mine after the mining has caved the overlying strata. Gob wells differ from vertical wells in the sense that they are normally drilled to a point 10 to 50 feet above the target seam prior to mining, but are operated only after mining fractures the strata around the wellbore. The methane emitted from the fractured strata then flows into the well and up to the surface. The flow rates are mainly controlled by the natural head created by the low-density methane gas or can be stimulated by blowers on the surface. Gob wells can recover 30% to 70% of methane emissions depending on geologic conditions and the number of gob wells within the panel.

(3) Horizontal Boreholes - Horizontal holes are drilled into the coal seam from development entries in the mine. They drain methane from the unmined areas of the coal seam shortly before mining, reducing the flow of methane into the mining section. Because methane drainage occurs only from the mined coal seam and the period of drainage is relatively short, the recovery efficiency of this technique is low.



(4) Cross-Measure Boreholes - Cross-measure boreholes are drilled at an angle to the strata, normally from existing mine entries. The boreholes are strategically placed above areas to be mined with the goal of pre-draining the overlying strata and exhausting gas from the gob area. Like horizontal borehole systems, the individual holes must be connected to a main pipeline which ordinarily is coursed through a vertical borehole to the surface.

Pengertian FOSIL yaitu Jejak / sisa kehidupan baik langsung / tidak langsung terawetkan dalam lapisan kulit bumi, terjadi secara alami dan mempunyai umur geologi ( > 500.000 tahun )



Sedangkan FOSILISASI yaitu semua proses yang melibatkan penimbunan hewan atau tumbuhan dalam sedimen, yang terakumulasi & mengalami pengawetan seluruh maupun sebagian tubuhnya serta pada jejak-jejaknya

Syarat Terbentuknya FOSIL
1. Mempunyai bagian yang keras
2. Segera terhindar dari proses-proses kimia (oksidasi & reduksi)
3. Tidak menjadi mangsa binatang lain
4. Terendapkan pada batuan yang berbutir halus >>> agar tidak larut
5. Terawetkan dalam batuan sedimen
6. Terawetkan dalam waktu geologi (minimal 500.000 tahun)


Proses Yang Mempengaruhi Terbentuknya Fosil
1. Histometabasis
Penggantian sebagian tubuh fosil tumbuhan dengan pengisian mineral lain (cth : silika) dimana fosil tersebut diendapkan

2. Permineralisasis
Histometabasis pada binatang

3. Rekristalisasi
Berubahnya seluruh/sebagian tubuh fosil akibat P & T yang tinggi, sehingga molekul-molekul dari tubuh fosil (non-kristalin) akan mengikat agregat tubuh fosil itu sendiri menjadi kristalin

4. Replacement/Mineralisasi/Petrifikasi
Penggantian seluruh bagian fosil dengan mineral lain



5. Dehydrasi/Leaching/Pelarutan

6. Mold/Depression
Fosil berongga dan terisi mineral lempung

7. Trail & Track
Trail = cetakan/jejak-jejak kehidupan binatang purba yang menimbulkan kenampakan yang lebih halus
Track = sama dengan trail, namun ukurannya lebih besar
Burrow = lubang-lubang tempat tinggal yang ditinggalkan binatang purba

Pertanyaan dasar apa yg muncul ketika melihat gambar ini ??

A Geologist ??
lokasi singkapan, Kedalaman, Koordinat, Umur, Warna, Tekstur, Struktur, Bidang perpisan, Deformasi, Dolomitisasi, Litologi, Lingkungan pengendapan, Fragmen, Mineralisasi, Fosil,

A Caver ??
Kedalaman, Lokasi, tehnik SRT, Jenis Goa (Vertikal/Horizontak), panjang, Lama waktu penelusuran, Mapping,


satu hal yang pasti sama : "Keren,,,,,!!!!"

As days go by
and fade to nights
I still question
why you left
I wonder how
it didn’t work out
but now you’re gone
and memories all I have for now
but no it’s not over
we’ll get older we’ll get over
we’ll live to see the day that I hope for
come back to me
I still believe that
we’ll get it right again
we’ll come back to life again
we won’t say another goodbye again
you’ll live forever with me
someday, someday
we’ll be together
someday, someday
we’ll be together
I heard someday
might be today
mysteries of destinies they
are somehow
and are someway
for all we know
they come tomorrow
for today
my eyes are open
my arms are raised for your embrace
my hands are here to mend what is broken
to feel again to walk on the face
I believe there is more to life
oh I love you much more than life
and still
I believe I can change your mind
revive what is dying inside
and someday, someday
we’ll be together
someday, someday
we’ll be together
someday, someday
we’ll be together
we’ll be together
we’ll be together
someday